…When it came to the formation of the democracies of the West, the concepts of liberalism and democracy, while not inseparable, were surely complementary, with the emphasis on the former. Among the founders of the American republic were serious men who were more dubious about democracy than about liberty. They certainly did not believe in — indeed, they feared — populism; populism that, unlike a century ago, has now become (and not only in the United States) the political instrument of “conservatives,” of so-called men of the “Right.” It is significant that in Europe, too, the appeal of the term “liberal” has declined, while “democratic” is the adopted name of a variety of parties, many of them not only antiliberal but also extreme right-wing nationalist.

Liberalism in its noblest, and also in its most essential, sense has always meant (and, to be fair, here and there it still means) an exaltation, a defense of the fundamental value and category of human dignity. But much of scientism and technology (yes, including the orthodoxy of Darwinism and the absolute belief in progress) declares that there was, there is, and there remains no fundamental difference between human beings and all other living beings. But if that is so, what happens to the emphasis on human dignity? Either human beings are unique or they are not. Either thesis may be credible, but not both. That is not just a question for religion.

The Chronicle: The Triumph and Collapse of Liberalism: 12/10/04