…what is simplicity? Simplicity is the shortest path to a solution. Say somebody does a proof for a mathematical problem in 20 pages. You study those 20 pages, and finally you say, “Oh, I get it.” You get a reward as the result of understanding that proof, because the proof was a solution to an interesting problem, not just a difficulty. Later, somebody else comes up with a 10-page proof for the same problem. Maybe the new proof uses a branch of mathematics that you might have to study to master, but once you master that branch of mathematics you can use it. And a 20-page proof becomes a 10-page proof. You’d have to say it’s simpler, because it’s a shorter path. Maybe it’s longer if you have to do a digression to actually learn a new branch of mathematics, but let’s assume that over time we realize that this branch is important to know in general, so we all become familiar with it.

What we’re really trying to do in software is find a way to make it easy to get value from having solutions to problems. How do we do that? When we work the program, we put in what we think is the shortest path to a solution. When we discover that the problem is different than we thought, we rewrite. And then we rewrite again. We work the program. That process is just like doing the proofs over and over. Sooner or later we discover that instead of doing something in 30 lines of code, we can do it in 15 lines, because now we have another capability that fits in. It really is just the right capability, so the work done there we don’t have to do here. We’ll just invoke that capability from here. That makes our solution easier to follow. Plus the effort you expend today to understand the code will make you a more powerful programmer tomorrow. So that simplification is very valuable.

If you write a lot of programs, and you’re used to squeezing them all the time, you find that it’s easy to write a program that’s simple. A lot of it is having a clear sense of what you want to say?writing the proof by choosing what to prove, and being clear about that. In programming, a lot of simplicity comes from knowing what matters and what doesn’t matter. A lot of times a program is made complicated because it’s attending to details that aren’t needed, or could have been avoided, or could have been relegated to something else.

Someone says, “You should always check your arguments to see if they’re in range.” Someone else says, “Half the statements in this program are checking arguments that are intrinsically in range.” Have they made the program better or worse? No, I think they’ve made it worse. I’m not a fan of checking arguments. On the other hand, there ought to be a fail fast. If you make a mistake, the program ought to stop. So there is an art to knowing where things should be checked and making sure that the program fails fast if you make a mistake. That kind of choosing is part of the art of simplification.

…Coding up the simplest thing that could possibly work is really about this: If you can’t keep five things in your head at one time and make a decision, try keeping three things in your head. Try keeping just one thing in your head, and see if you can make a decision. Then you can think of the next thing. And amazingly, when you write some of this dumb, straight-ahead code, it often turns out that it was all that was required. It works great. When a second programmer comes back later and reads the code she might say, “The people who wrote this are morons. They just wrote a simple linear search here. This thing’s ordered, so they could have done a binary search. They could have used a hash table here. Why are they doing a linear search?” Well, because a linear search worked. And when the other programmer looked at the linear search, she understood it in a minute.

Ward Cunningham, in an interview at Artima